In the early 1990s, the development of a successor series for the S-Bahn trainsets of the → class 420 began. They were designed primarily for the Munich S-Bahn services, but are also in use on the S-Bahn networks in Stuttgart, Cologne, and around Frankfurt (Rhein-Main). The first trains were delivered in 1998. By 2007, a total of 462 trainsets had been built. After that, furter modified units were manufactured for the S-Bahn Rhein-Ruhr as class 422 until 2010. The most striking change is the new front design with an enlarged crumple zone. The class 430, which has been built for the S-Bahn Stuttgart and Rhein-Main since 2012, is also based on the "423".

Since 2011, the manufacturer Alstom is building "Coradia LINT" railcars with two bogies under each part of the car and a modified head design. They represent a further development of the LINT 27 / LINT 41-type railcars with Jacobs-type bogies, which were built since 1999. The two-part variant is referred to as LINT 54, the three-part variant as LINT 81 (the number indicates the length in metres).

Pictures of the LINT predecessor series are available → here.

The city of Ulm (approx. 125,000 inhabitants), located in Baden-Württemberg directly on the border with Bavaria, has two tram lines. Until 2009, Ulm had only one tram route with a length of 5 kilometres, which was repeatedly threatened to be closed until the length of line 1 was almost doubled (10.2 kilometres) in March 2009 by the extension from Donauhalle to Böfingen. With the completion of Line 2 at the end of 2018, the network has again almost been doubled - to more than 19 kilometres.

The trams are operated by → SWU (Stadtwerke Ulm/Neu-Ulm).

The city of Gothenburg is located in the west of Sweden and has about 600,000 inhabitants. It has the largest tram network in Scandinavia with a system length of about 80 km. Most of the lines are separated from the road traffic outside the city centre. Some of the routes have been built without any crossings, resulting in very attractive travel times.

The network operator is → Göteborgs Spårvägar AB.